The prices indicated are inclusive of tax and carriage paid (mainland France) from 48 bottles.
For less than 48 bottles, the contribution to carriage costs (mainland France) is 24.00 €.
Contact us for Corsica, the French overseas departments and territories and exports outside Europe.
All bottles, all names and all formats combined, can be mixed even by unit, freely and free of charge.
Even if they have exceptional ageing potential, we recommend tasting Sauternes from their earliest youth.
They do not have tannic astringency and their aromatic complexity is therefore fabulous!
All bottles, all names and all formats combined, can be mixed even by unit, freely and free of charge.
The apogee dates are given for information only. They can vary according to your taste and the average temperature of your cellar.
Bottle corked? See the end of the "General Terms and Conditions" section for the procedure to follow in this case.
Because we have only one planet, Maison Dubecq only uses cardboard or wood packaging to prepare shipments (neither polystyrene nor thermoformable plastic).
"Save water, drink wine !"
"5 fruits per day: chardonnay, grenache, syrah, pinot and cabernet.."
"It's better when it's good.Emmanuelle Jary
"To know the origin and quality of a wine, there's no need to drink the whole barrel." Oscar Wilde (Moderation Advice)
"Good wine is too expensive and bad wine is too bad." Jack Rollan
"A glass of wine is good for your health. The rest of the bottle is good for mental health!"
"Champagne! Because no great story began over a bowl of salad."
Bought in 2008 by the Vauthier family, this cru, ideally situated between La Gaffelière and Canon La Gaffelière, has undergone major restructuring: the 10 hectares have been completely replanted to achieve a density worthy of a premier grand cru classé (12,600 vines per hectare).
The high proportion of Cabernet Franc in the blend (40%) tempers the sun-drenched nature of the terroir (south-facing), and gives the wines an elegant, long-lasting structure. Recent vintages have convinced us that Haut-Simard deserves urgent attention.
Like all Vauthier vineyards (Ausone, La Clotte, Moulin Saint Georges...), Haut-Simard began its conversion to organic farming in 2020.
The 2018 vintage in the press:
J-M Quarin (January 2022): 92/100 “Delicious wine, with a silky mouthfeel, developing fragrantly and without tannic angles. Delicious length. Here again, the Cabernet Franc plays a major role”.
Vinous (A. Galloni - March 2021): 91/100 “The 2018 Haut-Simard is lively and expressive aromatically, with medium-weight structure and tons of verve. Sweet red cherry, blood orange, mint, sage, lavender and rose petals grace this vibrant, beautifully nuanced Saint-Emilion.”
Bought in 2008 by the Vauthier family, this cru, ideally situated between La Gaffelière and Canon La Gaffelière, has undergone major restructuring: the 10 hectares have been completely replanted to achieve a density worthy of a premier grand cru classé (12,600 vines per hectare).
The high proportion of Cabernet Franc in the blend (40%) tempers the sun-drenched nature of the terroir (south-facing), and gives the wines an elegant, long-lasting structure. Recent vintages have convinced us that Haut-Simard deserves urgent attention.
Like all Vauthier vineyards (Ausone, La Clotte, Moulin Saint Georges...), Haut-Simard began its conversion to organic farming in 2020.
The 2016 vintage in the press:
Vinous (N. Martin - December 2019): 93/100 “The 2016 Haut-Simard has a top-notch bouquet of gorgeous, well*defined blackberry, briar and raspberry aromas that burst from the glass.[...] The palate is medium-bodied with sappy black fruit, fine density and concentration and a very fine line of acidity. The oak (30% new) is seamlessly integrated, with a long tail on the finish. This is the finest Haut-Simard I have tasted. Excellent.”
J-M Quarin (April 2017): 91/100 “Meticulous on the attack, developing refined to the touch and melting. The wine evolves juicy and noble with lots of flavor and a long, seductive finish. A delight!”
With 11 ha on the Figeac gravel plateau and all the necessary dedication, Croix Figeac proves that it's possible to make a superb, balanced wine with luscious fruit, for a very modest price. Since 2012, Croix Figeac has been forced to choose a new name (Pierre 1er) following an improbable legal imbroglio with its prestigious neighbor.
Fourth grand cru classified under the direction of the Derenoncourt/Thienpont duo (such as Pavie-Macquin and Larcis-Ducasse). With 70% Merlot and a more than affordable price, Berliquet is THE deal if you are looking for a racy, generous Saint-Émilion with a quick and easy approach. This vineyard was bought in 2017 by its neighbour, Château Canon (Chanel group).
Fombrauge, the largest vineyard in Saint-Émilion with 57 hectares, has been offering since its purchase by Mr. Magrez (1997) structured wines that do not deny their terroir, full, gourmet and devilishly seductive thanks to a luxurious maturing process.
More infused than extracted, finely oaked, with a beautiful balance between fresh fruit and velvety tannins, this sapid and sensual Dragon is more than a second wine.
The 2022 vintage in the press:
J-M Quarin (February 2025): 91/100 "Dark, intense, slightly evolved colour. Very fine nose with pure, fresh fruit. Fat on the attack and immediately very fruity, the wine glides across the palate leaving a fine fatness on the tongue and a blackberry flavour on the finish. Very good."
More infused than extracted, finely oaked, with a beautiful balance between fresh fruit and velvety tannins, this sapid and sensual Dragon is more than a second wine.
The 2021 vintage in the press:
J-M Quarin (April 2022): 90/100 “Deep, dark purple color. Intense nose of fresh, ripe fruit. Fascinating mouthfeel with a nuance of blackberry jelly that enlivens the palate. Juicy, noble and fine. The finish is long and unputdownable. A delight!"
More infused than extracted, finely oaked, with a beautiful balance between fresh fruit and velvety tannins, this sapid and sensual Dragon is more than a second wine.
The 2020 vintage in the press:
J-M Quarin (February 2024): 92/100 “Dark color. Superb, suave, fresh, ripe and subtle nose, on a par with Quintus. A touch of vanilla. Meticulous on entry, juicy in the middle, with class in the touch, the wine melts in the finish, long, sappy and unputdownable.”
Vinous (N.Martin - November 2024): 92/100 “The 2020 Le Dragon de Quintus has a perfumed nose with cedar-scented red berry fruit, forest floor and tobacco aromas. The palate is medium-bodied with light tannins. It is nicely balanced and elegant in style, with a brisk, peppery finish that has the sapidity to tempt you back.”
More infused than extracted, finely oaked, with a beautiful balance between fresh fruit and velvety tannins, this sapid and sensual Dragon is more than a second wine.
The 2018 vintage in the press:
Jean-Marc Quarin (February 2024): 90/100 “Dark, lively color. Nose of medium intensity, fruity and spicy. Suave on the palate, with a melting, caressing body and nuanced sensations. Normal length, with coated tannins. Very pleasing overall for its savory aspect.”
More infused than extracted, finely oaked, with a beautiful balance between fresh fruit and velvety tannins, this sapid and sensual Dragon is more than a second wine.
The 2017 vintage in the press:
Vinous (N. Martin - September 2019): 90/100 "The 2017 Le Dragon de Quintus has a fragrant bouquet, quite floral with red berry fruit, red plums, hints of marmelade and oyster shells. The palate is medium-bodied with fine tannin and well judged acidity. This Deuxième Vin has a nonchalance about it. Open and approachable with peppery notes towards the harmonious finish. Delicious."
Small vineyard of 8.8 ha north-east of Saint-Émilion, property Garcin (Clos l'Église, Barde-Haut) since 2013. Their aim is not to produce yet another "competition animal" but a generously fruity, delicious, creamy, easily and quickly accessible Saint-Émilion.
The 2021 vintage in the press:
Vinous (N.Martin - November 2023): 93/100 “The 2021 Poesia has a very well-defined bouquet with a touch more harmony than its stablemate, Barde-Haut: heightened red cherry and iodine scents, quite floral in style. The palate is medium-bodied with crunchy red fruit, a vibrant and vivacious Saint-Emilion driven by the limestone terroir. Sapid on the finish, this is very fine.”
Small vineyard of 8.8 ha north-east of Saint-Émilion, property Garcin (Clos l'Église, Barde-Haut) since 2013. Their aim is not to produce yet another "competition animal" but a generously fruity, delicious, creamy, easily and quickly accessible Saint-Émilion.
The 2020 vintage in the press:
Vinous (N.Martin - November 2024): 92/100 “The 2020 Poesia has another well-defined bouquet with blackberry, tobacco and light forest floor scents, very refined. The palate is medium-bodied with dry, grainy tannins and moderate weight. It is pliant toward the finish with a fine bead of acidity, fanning out with a sense of confidence that bodes well for the future.”
Small vineyard of 8.8 ha north-east of Saint-Émilion, property Garcin (Clos l'Église, Barde-Haut) since 2013. Their aim is not to produce yet another "competition animal" but a generously fruity, delicious, creamy, easily and quickly accessible Saint-Émilion.
The 2017 vintage in the press:
Vinous (A. Galloni - February 2020): 95/100 “Plum, black cherry, chocolate, spice, new leather and licorice are all amped up in this luscious, voluptuous, flamboyantly ripe Saint-Émilion. Plush contours add to the considerable appeal of a wine that finishes with terrific energy, brightness and power.”
J-M Quarin (October 2020): 90/100 “Soft on the attack, melting in the mid-palate, very palatable, this wine stretches out dense and deep, with a chalky touch in the persistence. It's long and very good.”
Bettane et Dessauve (December 2020): 15.5/20 “In progress on this vintage, more nuances than in 2016. Tight, compact, tannic palate. Everything will evolve perfectly.”
This 17-hectare vineyard, located in the extension of Troplong-Mondot, forms a magnificent south-facing amphitheater. Under the guidance of Hélène Garcin (Poésia, Clos l'Église) and her husband Patrice Lévêque, Barde-Haut offers vintage after vintage intense, rich and opulent wines, without ever falling into the trap of over-ripeness.
The 2021 vintage in the press:
J-M Quarin (February 2024): 92/100
Vinous (A. Galloni - December 2023): 92/100 “The 2021 Barde-haut is laced with black cherry, plum, mocha, spice, new leather and tobacco. This soft, juicy Saint-Emilion is supple full of near- and medium-term appeal. It's a fine effort from Hélène Garcin and Patrice Lévêque in this very challenging vintage.”
This 17-hectare vineyard, located in the extension of Troplong-Mondot, forms a magnificent south-facing amphitheater. Under the guidance of Hélène Garcin (Poésia, Clos l'Église) and her husband Patrice Lévêque, Barde-Haut offers vintage after vintage intense, rich and opulent wines, without ever falling into the trap of over-ripeness.
The 2020 vintage in the press:
Vinous (A. Galloni - December 2022): 95/100 "The 2020 Barde-Haut is just as compelling it was from barrel. Blueberry jam, crème de cassis, hard candy, spice, new leather and lavender infuse the 2020 with exotic beauty. Soft contours and silky tannins add to its immediacy. Bright acids lend vibrancy to play off all the natural opulence. The 2020 is a fine vintage of bade-haut, one of the best in recent memory. The intensely saline finish alone is a thing of beauty."
The terraces of Moulin Saint-Georges (7 ha) face those of Ausone (same owner). Thanks to the quality of its terroir and the refined style of its wines, Moulin Saint-Georges is a sure bet in the appellation. As the Revue du Vin de France's 2024 guide points out, "quality has been impressively consistent for over two decades, and prices remain reasonable. The only regret is the quantities available...".
Like all Vauthier vineyards (Ausone, La Clotte, Haut-Simard...), Moulin Saint-Georges began its conversion to organic farming in 2020.
The 2020 vintage in the press:
La Revue du Vin de France (Guide 2024): 92/100 “A well-made classic evoking beautiful spicy tones. It will develop elegance with time”.
Vinous (N.Martin - November 2024): 93/100 “The 2020 Moulin Saint Georges has a more austere, introspective bouquet compared to its peers. Despite its tertiary style, there is fruit here ; it just needs time to unlock it. The palate is medium-bodied, delineated and refreshingly saline, with fine-grained tannins and a dash of white pepper toward the finish. This is yet another classy Saint-Emilion to add to the roaster.”
The terraces of Moulin Saint-Georges (7 ha) face those of Ausone (same owner). Thanks to the quality of its terroir and the refined style of its wines, Moulin Saint-Georges is a sure bet in the appellation. As the Revue du Vin de France's 2024 guide points out, "quality has been impressively consistent for over two decades, and prices remain reasonable. The only regret is the quantities available...".
Like all Vauthier vineyards (Ausone, La Clotte, Haut-Simard...), Moulin Saint-Georges began its conversion to organic farming in 2020.
The 2019 vintage in the press:
Vinous (N. Martin - January 2023): 90/100 “The 2019 Moulin Saint-Georges has a focused, liquorice-tinged bouquet, cedar and tobacco, touches of mint emerging with time. The palate is medium-bodied with grainy tannins, a little dry, feeling quite linear and strict towards the finish"
The terraces of Moulin Saint-Georges (7 ha) face those of Ausone (same owner). Thanks to the quality of its terroir and the refined style of its wines, Moulin Saint-Georges is a sure bet in the appellation. As the Revue du Vin de France's 2024 guide points out, "quality has been impressively consistent for over two decades, and prices remain reasonable. The only regret is the quantities available...".
Like all Vauthier vineyards (Ausone, La Clotte, Haut-Simard...), Moulin Saint-Georges began its conversion to organic farming in 2020.
The 2017 vintage in the press:
J-M Quarin (October 2020): 92/100 “Juicy on the attack, very tasty, fat and even powerful for the vintage, the wine finishes long while retaining meticulousness in the touch. This vintage brings an extra sweetness that suits its type well. It's very good."
Bettane et Dessauve (December 2020): 15/20 “30% of the vineyard froze. The remaining 70% gives a slender tannin with a tonic and elegant finish.”
The terraces of Moulin Saint-Georges (7 ha) face those of Ausone (same owner). Thanks to the quality of its terroir and the refined style of its wines, Moulin Saint-Georges is a sure bet in the appellation. As the Revue du Vin de France's 2024 guide points out, "quality has been impressively consistent for over two decades, and prices remain reasonable. The only regret is the quantities available...".
Like all Vauthier vineyards (Ausone, La Clotte, Haut-Simard...), Moulin Saint-Georges began its conversion to organic farming in 2020.
The terraces of Moulin Saint-Georges (7 ha) face those of Ausone (same owner). Thanks to the quality of its terroir and the refined style of its wines, Moulin Saint-Georges is a sure bet in the appellation. As the Revue du Vin de France's 2024 guide points out, "quality has been impressively consistent for over two decades, and prices remain reasonable. The only regret is the quantities available...".
Like all Vauthier vineyards (Ausone, La Clotte, Haut-Simard...), Moulin Saint-Georges began its conversion to organic farming in 2020.
The 2012 vintage in the press:
J-M Quarin (September 2023): 88/100 “Dark color, medium intensity and slightly evolved. Very aromatic nose, with ripe fruit. Pleasant overall impression. Immediately tasty and melted on the palate, evolving on a medium body and a creamy touch.”
The amateur looking for fine and easily digestible classified great wines should be interested in Fonroque. In organic cultivation since 2006 and biodynamic cultivation since 2008, Fonroque offers an original vision of the terroir of the Saint-Émilion plateau, made up of freshness, elegance and controlled, melting power. A “wine of emotion”, as Michel Bettane and Thierry Desseauve describe it.
Alain Moueix, its director (and former owner), is clearly showing the way forward for the future of Bordeaux's great wines, on all shores.
The 2022 vintage in the press:
Vinous (A. Galloni - January 2025): 92/100 "The 2022 Fonroque is plush, sensual and quite deep. Silky tannins enshroud a core of dark cherry/plum fruit, new leather, spice, menthol and espresso. This juicy, open-knit Saint-Émilion from Alain Moueix is a winner."
J.M Quarin (February 2025): 92/100 "Dark, intense purple colour. Very aromatic nose, pure, subtle, with fresh fruit. Delicate on the entry, delicate in the middle, with taste and a refined touch, the wine develops aromatically, bouncing back, sappy, towards a long finish with noble tannicity. A very good wine. The best ever made with the 2020."
The amateur looking for fine and easily digestible classified great wines should be interested in Fonroque. In organic cultivation since 2006 and biodynamic cultivation since 2008, Fonroque offers an original vision of the terroir of the Saint-Émilion plateau, made up of freshness, elegance and controlled, melting power. A “wine of emotion”, as Michel Bettane and Thierry Desseauve describe it.
Alain Moueix, its director (and former owner), is clearly showing the way forward for the future of Bordeaux's great wines, on all shores.
The 2021 vintage in the press:
La Revue du Vin de France (Guide 2025): 91/100 “A half-bodied wine with beautiful tones of spices and tangy red fruit. There's a real sincerity of expression, and the al dente ripeness of the grapes can be perceived in this firm, still tight finish.”
Vinous (A. Galloni - December 2023): 92/100 “The 2021 Fonroque is an exotic, beguiling wine. Deep and intensely savory, the 2021 offers a striking mix of merlot fruit and Cabernet Franc aromatics. Crushed flowers, mint, spice, rose petal and bright red-toned fruit all run through silky super-expressive Saint-Emilion.”
The amateur looking for fine and easily digestible classified great wines should be interested in Fonroque. In organic cultivation since 2006 and biodynamic cultivation since 2008, Fonroque offers an original vision of the terroir of the Saint-Émilion plateau, made up of freshness, elegance and controlled, melting power. A “wine of emotion”, as Michel Bettane and Thierry Desseauve describe it.
Alain Moueix, its director (and former owner), is clearly showing the way forward for the future of Bordeaux's great wines, on all shores.
The 2020 vintage in the press:
La Revue du Vin de France (September 2023): 93/100 “Dark color and density characterize this 2020. A wine with an austere approach, both on the nose and on the palate. Clearly far too young, its mass needs to be refined in bottle. A Saint-Emilion of impressive stature, whose ageing is gradually becoming integrated. Not to be opened until 2027”.
Jean-Marc Quarin (March 2023): 94/100 “Dark, intense, slightly evolved color. Deep, highly aromatic nose. Nuances of fresh fruit. Touch of citrus. Soft on the entry, particularly aromatic in the middle, subtle and even complex as it evolves, this full-bodied wine evolves long, with an unprecedented grace in its touch. It's superb!"
Vinous (N. Martin - December 2022): 90/100 “I suggested/hoped that the Fonroque 2020 would show more finesse when bottled, and it seems to have heard my words. With aromas of blackberry, brioche and light undergrowth on the nose, this wine shows greater refinement. The palate is medium-bodied with slightly angular tannins, fresh and saline, with a hint of black pepper on the finish. With a slightly Medoc style and good length, it should age well in bottle.”
The amateur looking for fine and easily digestible classified great wines should be interested in Fonroque. In organic cultivation since 2006 and biodynamic cultivation since 2008, Fonroque offers an original vision of the terroir of the Saint-Émilion plateau, made up of freshness, elegance and controlled, melting power. A “wine of emotion”, as Michel Bettane and Thierry Desseauve describe it.
Alain Moueix, its director (and former owner), is clearly showing the way forward for the future of Bordeaux's great wines, on all shores.
The 2019 vintage in the press:
La Revue du Vin de France (September 2022): 94/100 “This wine can go unnoticed in horizontal tastings, yet remains a must-have in great vintages. Its very dense color baffles. On the palate, this wine has accustomed us to more finesse. This powerful vintage suddenly softens in the silky-textured finish, tinged with sweet spices and stone fruits (plum, cherry).”
Vinous (A. Galloni - January 2022): 92/100 "The 2019 Fonroque is a rich, hedonistic wine bursting at the seams with super-ripe red cherry fruit, chocolate and sweet spice. Racy and voluptuous, this is one of the more full-throttle wines of the year. This is not a shy wine by ane means."
The amateur looking for fine and easily digestible classified great wines should be interested in Fonroque. In organic cultivation since 2006 and biodynamic cultivation since 2008, Fonroque offers an original vision of the terroir of the Saint-Émilion plateau, made up of freshness, elegance and controlled, melting power. A “wine of emotion”, as Michel Bettane and Thierry Desseauve describe it.
Alain Moueix, its director (and former owner), is clearly showing the way forward for the future of Bordeaux's great wines, on all shores.
The 2018 vintage in the press:
La Revue du Vin de France (December 2022): 95/100 “Certified biodynamic, Fonroque delivers a wine that never forces its nature and respects balance. It possesses fruit and velvety flesh that continue to blossom over time. Young, 2018 shows great freshness with mineral accents. But it is with age that it best expresses the imprint of its terroir. Warm vintages are remarkable”.
Vinous (N. Martin - January 2021): 90/100 "The 2018 Fonroque, which I gave an hour's decant, has retained its very opulent, quite ostentatious bouquet of black cherries, fig, cassis and touches of black olive. The palate is medium-bodied and candied on the entry. This is very exuberant, with blood-orange-infused red fruit, gaining better focus toward the delineated finish. I wish the aromatics were just toned down a notch, because otherwise, this is a decent Saint-Émilion."
The amateur looking for fine and easily digestible classified great wines should be interested in Fonroque. In organic cultivation since 2006 and biodynamic cultivation since 2008, Fonroque offers an original vision of the terroir of the Saint-Émilion plateau, made up of freshness, elegance and controlled, melting power. A “wine of emotion”, as Michel Bettane and Thierry Desseauve describe it.
Alain Moueix, its director (and former owner), is clearly showing the way forward for the future of Bordeaux's great wines, on all shores.
An oenologist by training, Ms. Papon-Nouvel owns two tiny properties at the bottom of Saint-Émilion near Canon-La Gaffelière: Petit Gravet Aîné (2.4 ha) and Clos Saint-Julien (1.3 ha), where the vines are mainly old cabernets francs. From the vine to the cellar, she manages all the stages in the production of her wines on her own and, whatever the vintage, her talent as an instinctive winemaker gives wines of natural elegance and exemplary sweetness.
The 2022 vintage in the press:
Vinous (A. Galloni - January 2025): 94/100 "The 2022 Petit Gravet Aîné is a gorgeous, exotic wine. Kirsh, dried flowers, mocha and new leather open. Ripe, fleshy and layered, the 2022 is definitely on the riper side. Creamy and opulent in texture, it clearly needs time to settle down post-bottling. Today, I admire its blance. This is a wild wine that is sure to take readers on quite a ride over the coming two decades or so, maybe more."
J-M Quarin (February 2025): 89/100 "Dark, lively colour. Normal intensity. Very aromatic, fruity, fresh and spicy nose. Delicate on the palate, well-fruited in the middle, with a body that is more slender than broad, the wine evolves upwards on the finish. Slightly firm on the finish, but still fragrant."
An oenologist by training, Ms. Papon-Nouvel owns two tiny properties at the bottom of Saint-Émilion near Canon-La Gaffelière: Petit Gravet Aîné (2.4 ha) and Clos Saint-Julien (1.3 ha), where the vines are mainly old cabernets francs. From the vine to the cellar, she manages all the stages in the production of her wines on her own and, whatever the vintage, her talent as an instinctive winemaker gives wines of natural elegance and exemplary sweetness.
The 2021 vintage in the press:
Vinous (N. Martin - February 2024): 92/100 “The Petit Gravet Ainé 2021 presented itself well right from the barrel. Dominated by 90% Cabernet Franc, it has a fresh, saline bouquet that manages to reach phenolic maturity. The palate is medium-bodied, with crisp tannins on the attack that transform into a creamy-textured mid-palate and a very consistent finish, tinged with white pepper and garrigue. Excellent!”
An oenologist by training, Ms. Papon-Nouvel owns two tiny properties at the bottom of Saint-Émilion near Canon-La Gaffelière: Petit Gravet Aîné (2.4 ha) and Clos Saint-Julien (1.3 ha), where the vines are mainly old cabernets francs. From the vine to the cellar, she manages all the stages in the production of her wines on her own and, whatever the vintage, her talent as an instinctive winemaker gives wines of natural elegance and exemplary sweetness.
The 2018 vintage in the press:
Vinous (A. Galloni - March 2021): 96/100 “The 2018 Petit Gravet Aîné dazzles right out of the bottle. Cabernet Franc signatures are front and center in Saint-Émilion that boasts magnificent aromatic presence as well as depth. Rose petal, mocha, kirsh, menthol and sage are some of the many notes that open with some coaxing. A few years in bottle will do wonders for the tannins. Aside from the wine's striking beauty, Petit Gravet Aîné is one of the most unique, distinctive wines in Bordeaux, the sort of wine that remains seared on your memory. In a word: magnificent!”
An oenologist by training, Ms. Papon-Nouvel owns two tiny properties at the bottom of Saint-Émilion near Canon-La Gaffelière: Petit Gravet Aîné (2.4 ha) and Clos Saint-Julien (1.3 ha), where the vines are mainly old cabernets francs. From the vine to the cellar, she manages all the stages in the production of her wines on her own and, whatever the vintage, her talent as an instinctive winemaker gives wines of natural elegance and exemplary sweetness.